Curriculum organization and procedure of secondary level Content Selection in Pakistan.

 Curriculum organization: 

Curriculum organization can be defined as it is a process of selecting curriculum elements from the subject, the current social life, and the student experience, then designing the selected curriculum elements appropriately so they can form the curriculum structure and type. 

According to Ralph Tyler, essential changes in human behavior are not produced overnight. No learning experience has a very profound influence on the learner. Changes in the way of thinking in fundamental habits, major operating concepts, educational experience in attitudes, in abiding interests and the like develop slowly. It is only after months and years that, we are able to see major educational objectives taking marked concrete shape. 

➢ In short he wanted to say that Changes in human behavior gradually take place. The organization plays an important role in changes. Curriculum content: Curriculum content means the total of what is to be taught in a school system. Curriculum development is ideally an ongoing, assessment, planning and design, teacher training materials, implementation monitoring, feedback and evaluation, the curricula renewal is based on the following broad areas of concern. 

The procedure of secondary-level Content Selection in Pakistan.

Secondary education is divided into two levels: 

• Lower secondary (Grade 6-8) and 

• Upper secondary (Grade 9-12). 

In the case of Pakistan, middle school (Grade 6-8)1 corresponds to the former while Grade 9-10 (Matriculation) is considered to be Secondary. Secondary education in Pakistan begins in grade 9 and lasts for four years. After the end of each of the school years, students are required to pass a national examination administered by a regional Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (or BISE). 

Criteria for selecting curriculum content: 

Self-sufficiency: 

 This criterion is for helping learners attain maximum self-sufficiency at the most economical manner or content selection. This is done when the students or learners are given the chance to experiment, observe and carry out the field study.

 Interest: 

This criterion is true to be the learned-centered curriculum. The interest of the students should be considered in selecting content because students learn best if the subject matter is meaningful to them. It becomes meaningful if they are interested in it. 

 Learnability: 

The content should be what the students can learn and should be within their experience. Teachers should apply theories on the psychology of learning in order to know their subjects are presented, sequenced, and organized to maximize the learning capacity of the students. 

Utility: 

It is more important in skill or procedural knowledge, whereby learners can put what they have learned into practice in life activities. 

Validity: 

The content of the curriculum is valid if it promotes the outcome that it is intended to promote. It is also the authenticity of the subject matter or content selected, to make sure the topics are not obsolete, for this to be achieved, there should be a regular check on the curriculum content and replace it if necessary. Critically analyze the content selection criteria. Content selection is very difficult in Pakistan because of 

  • ➢ Teachers are reluctant to accept the change. 
  • ➢ Lack of in-service training 
  • ➢ Political interference 
  • ➢ Economic problems 
  • ➢ Inadequate evaluation 
  • ➢ Lack of commitment of national philosophy 
  • ➢ Disapproval of the society 
  • ➢ Lack of sequence 
  • ➢ Curriculum is more urbanized


Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

NASA Posts Amazing Picture Of Space-Grown Flower

Image
 NASA Posts Amazing Picture Of Space-Grown Flower NASA shared a picture of the zinnia plant, cultivated on the International Space Station  in 2015 . The goal was to find out how plants would grow in space.  According to a NASA report; Scientists have been studying plants in space since the 1970s, but this particular experiment was started on the  @ISS  in 2015 by NASA astronaut Kjell Lindgren. Kjell Lindgren, a NASA astronaut, initiated the experiment to observe how vegetation would grow in space since it would benefit humanity. During their lengthy space missions, the astronauts can eat a lot of food from this. Area for plant cultivation decreasing as the population increases day by day so there is a need to discover new spaces where the life of humans and plants could be possible.  Reference:  https://www.instagram.com/p/CtZxuGjSorR/?utm_source=ig_embed&ig_rid=b52ed06e-d24b-4db1-a0cf-2c004df423e1   
Read more

Plant Genome Editing by CRISPR-Cas System

Image
  Plant Genome Editing by CRISPR-Cas System Introduction: The CRISPR-Cas system is a prokaryotic immune system that confers resistance to foreign genetic elements such as those present within plasmids and phages and provides a form of acquired immunity. RNA harboring the spacer sequence helps Cas(CRISPR-associated) proteins recognize and cut foreign pathogenic DNA. Genome editing is a way of making specific changes to the DNA of a cell or organism. An enzyme cuts the DNA at a specific sequence, and when this is repaired by the cell a change or 'edit' is made to the sequence.Genome editing in plants has been made much easier with the recently developed CRISPR/Cas9 system because of its simplicity and versatility. History: CRISPR: An Adaptive Immune System.CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat) sequences were initially discovered in the E. coli genome in 1987, but their function as a safeguard against bacteriophages was not elucidated until 2007.Proto
Read more

Use of Magnetic field for seed germination

Image
Use of Magnetic field technique for seed germination  Seed germination Seed “independent structure” responsible for next generation of plants,  maintaining the germplasm, improving species diversity and production capacity.  Germination involves those processes which initiate with the uptake of water by the inactive dry seed and conclude with the development of the embryonic axis. The most important factors for germination include water, temperature, oxygen, and light.  Need of seed germination technique: Secure food to adopt new technologies 1) Improve grain yield and  2) germination rate by maintaining the crop quality. 3) To reduced amount of pesticides. 4) Low genetic deviation in seeds. Magnetic field (MF): Magnetic Field is the region around a magnetic material or a moving electric charge within which the force of magnetism acts.  The area around a magnet, where the force that is capable of magnetizing surrounding body exist is called a magnetic field. Impact of seed germination
Read more